This page provides you with some basic principles of radiation protection and quality imaging.

• Scatter radiation exposes patients and imagers to excess radiation and adds density (darkness) to the film, which lessens the quality of the film.
  
• Limiting the x-ray beam is essential in controlling scattered radiation. The beam should never exceed the size of the film and should be limited to the area of interest.
  
• Collimation limits unnecessary radiation to the patient, reduces scatter radiation, reduces imager exposure and increases film quality. It involves the use of one or more beam limitation devices, including collimators, aperature diaphragms and/or cones and cylinders.

• To achieve proper film technique, imagers must effectively manage the kilovolt peak (KVp), the primary determinant of film quality, and the milliamps (mAs), the quantity of X-rays produced / radiation dose to the patient.
  
• When taking a plain film, the imager should employ the highest possible kVp with the minimum necessary mAs.
  
• Correct positioning of the body part and a familiarity with anatomic landmarks are crucial in obtaining an adequate image.

• Lead shields/aprons should always be used to protect reproductive organs, thyroid gland and areas outside the region of interest but within the primary x-ray beam.
  
• Lead shields/aprons should be periodically checked for cracks/leaks.
  
• Shielding should be used on all patients, especially children and those of reproductive age.
  
• Precautions must be practiced when x-raying women of childbearing age, due to potential damage to the embryo and fetus from excessive radiation exposure.
  
• To avoid exposing pregnant women to radiation, all women should be asked verbally and in writing if they are or could be pregnant. Warning signs should be posted in the x-ray room, waiting room and dressing room and the pelvis should be shielded in all patients whenever possible.
  
• If possible, radiological examinations, particularly those involving the abdomen or pelvis, should be performed during the first ten days following the onset of menstruation.

• Sites should employ qualified service personnel to complete regular preventative maintenance to safeguard against unexpected breakdown of processors and x-ray equipment.
  
• A positioning manual should be available in all facilities.
  
• Sites should have written policies that cover critical issues such as reduction of radiation exposure, management of women of childbearing age and maintenance of site quality.